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The War Against [Football] Cliché

By Cosmo Adair

To idealise: all writing is a campaign against cliché. Not just clichés of the pen but clichés of the mind and clichés of the heart. (Martin Amis)

There’s a mobile-game called New Star Soccer in which you’re a ludicrously gifted footballer – the sort for whom ninety goals-a-season constitutes a meagre return. As well as the more obvious gameplay (football), you encounter a sequence of in-game choices. Should you cheat on your girlfriend? Or go to the casino with your teammates? Or buy a sports car? You face all the no-win quandaries of a thick and morally bereft noughties footballer. 

Tough as being an adulterous spendthrift with a celestial right foot might be, it’s light work compared to dealing with the press. For post match interviews, several boxes appear on the screen, containing trivial if absurdly meaningless quotes. The boxes flash quickly in a sequence. In spite of how sheerly unmemorable the phrases are, you have to remember the order before tapping it into the phone. It comes out with, say, ‘Over the moon, y’know, great feet for the big lad, um, game of two halves,’ after which the press will be delighted. But if you mix up ‘y’know’ and ‘um’, for instance, then the Fourth Estate will come for your head. It’s deliberately comic, whilst not unrepresentative of most football-speak, the language in which a person with as quick and sybaritic a lifestyle as Kyle Walker comes across as impossibly dull. Not all the dullness is in the tone; in fact, most of it’s in the language. Football-speak is cliché, whether that’s the monotone reflections of the above, or else the cringe-makingly brilliant commentarial flights of Peter Drury which, for all their purported originality, still brim with cliché. Football-speak is inseparable from cliché. I think that is why we are so fond of it. 

I had planned to write this in the snottier voice of one who abhors the debased language with which the mobs discuss their footy-ball. But after the most basic preliminary research, I encountered that ‘Football Clichés’ are a well-trodden topic of discussion. There is a book, a blog, a podcast, and even an article in The Guardian—all by the same man, Adam Hurrey, a writer at The Athletic

In his book Football Clichés, Hurrey finds them endearing. They have ‘unhelpfully negative connotations,’ given ‘[they imply] a lack of original thought, of stifling stereotype.’ He acknowledges that football-speak can be guilty of this at times. But, ‘For 150 years, it’s been somebody’s job to relay what happens within the ninety minutes of a match and, as that coverage now reaches saturation points, a reliable formula for succinct description of the sport has become vital.’ So, they become a cipher through which fans, players, managers and commentators can speak. According to Hurrey’s helpful definitions, ‘The ball is in the net’ means it’s ‘Not strictly a miss, but if ‘the ball is in the net’ there’s a fair chance the goal has, in fact, been disallowed.’ Or else, a ‘Host of opportunities’: ‘Hosts tend to be fairly undesirable collections of missed opportunities or absentees from the first team.’ Hackneyed phrases are instead condensed, efficacious means of communication.

But Martin Amis makes the opposite point. More generally, clichés are ‘dead words’; they lack ‘freshness, energy and reverberation of voice.’ A cliché undermines our capacity for sincere thought and feeling. This is true. If you doubt me, you need only call to mind ‘Take Back Control,’ ‘Get Brexit Done,’ or ‘Make America Great Again,’ which testify to the hypnotic effects of sterile language. Those phrases attest to how, in losing freshness, cliché becomes ‘herd writing, herd thinking and herd feeling’. Hurrey says something similar; only, he gives it a positive spin. In football, clichés act as a ‘leveller—enabling conversation between those relative novices who believe the problem with Arsenal is that they try and walk the ball in and those who feel it’s a little more complicated than that.’ In a sense, then, it’s a kind of esperanto—a simplistic, classless language with which the herd can low.

If you’re unsure of how to use ‘the herd instinct’ in a sentence, the Cambridge Dictionary gives the example of ‘In large crowds, such as at a football match, the herd instinct often kicks in.’ Cliché is the language of the herd and, for better or for worse, football is a herd sport (playing it, watching it, talking about it). The worst moments of following football are bound up with the herd (mid-morning drunkenness, beating-up the French or anyone for that matter), but so too are the positive ones. In the subjugation of self to the crowd, in the Dionysian loss of identity, you become a part of an intoxicatingly cohesive, classless whole, which doesn’t care who you are but rather who you support. 

Reviewing a book on Hooliganism in the 80s, Amis described how its author ‘wrote the book because he liked it, too. He liked the crowd, and the power, and the loss of self.’ To succumb to a crowd, you must shed the uniqueness of your language and your personality, which cliché enables you to do. So, whilst clichés are no less crass when they’re referring to football, they’re somehow less immediately negative. The herd, in football, is more ambivalent—neither good nor bad. Cliché is the same. To idealise: football is cliché

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Perspective

A Sit Down with James Marriott

By Cosmo Adair

James Marriott is a columnist and podcast reviewer for The Times.

The interview began with the ping of a notification: James Marriott has joined your meeting. Zooming, as we were, I can only write a head-and-shoulders portrait of James, framed by the glistening shelves of the Times’s bookroom. He wore a salmon pink shirt and a pair of large wide-framed glasses, which donnishly slipped down his nose as his conversation grew more energetic. His hair was half-messy, fine, placing him somewhere between the respectable columnist and the abstracted poet. But how to render someone’s physical presence when you’re interviewing them online? So, as I watched the recording and copied out the transcript, I scribbled brief, italicised stage-directions: As I ask this, he leans forward, rubs his eyes to tease out a thought, and then jolts up and bursts into enthusiastic speech. That captures all the reader needs to know: the charming, if unexpected, engagement and enthusiasm of a renowned writer speaking to a provincial, student magazine. 

Marriott grew up just outside of Newcastle, where ‘I really didn’t want to grow up … It felt like I should have been born down south, and that it had been a cosmic mistake that landed me there.’ He spent his time reading voraciously (‘novels, poetry, all that kind of stuff,’ including ‘a lot of Dickens novels’ and ‘a lot of Iris Murdoch’) and listening to formative rants from his Nihilist father, who spoke ‘about how human beings are all just collections of atoms and that we live in this materialist universe where love was just a chemical … That’s not, you know, the most optimistic way to be brought up.’ And so he passed his schooldays, pacing about the playground as he recited Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts” (‘I was, unfortunately, pretentious’), and dreamed of moving south for university—his sights set firmly on Oxford, and having watched the Granada adaptation of Brideshead Revisited, ‘I’d convinced myself it was going to be, you know, befriending aristocrats and discussing poetry over port and driving around in vintage cars.’ On arrival, however, he was ‘hideously disappointed that people were normal’—in spite of which, he was resolute in enjoying it since if he didn’t ‘it would have destroyed the entire purpose of my teenage years.’ 

After Oxford, he hoped to ingratiate himself with Literary London since ‘at the time, it seemed like the most glamorous thing to write a book review for a national publication.’ But this took time. For three years, he worked in an antiquarian bookshop where he would ‘[sit] in monkish silence,’ cataloguing books.  During this period, he sent out poems and article proposals to newspapers and magazines until The Times took him on. Still there, he is a columnist, podcast reviewer, occasional feature writer, and a regular guest on Times Radio’s flagship podcast, Matt Chorley’s “Politics Without The Boring Bits.” His interview with Calvin Robinson (‘So you wouldn’t say that Enoch Powell was a racist, I ask, my incredulity doubtless signalling to him that I am a woke liberal of the most mindlessly ovine disposition’) and his feature “How I fell in love with Serge Gainsbourg (‘To anybody who has ever regretted being born on the pallid and puritanical side of the Channel, he offers an exotic vision of what might have been: semi-permanent drunkenness, a bohemian contempt for all shirt buttons above the navel, a career of chaotic offence-giving rewarded with public adulation’) cry out expectantly for an anthology of his writings. 

I’ve often found that what makes his columns distinctive is his tone. He has an excellent grasp of the ‘contemporary moment,’ all the while seeming rather uncharmed by it. He’s ‘a bit of a technophobe … sceptical that TikTok is particularly good for anybody and for people’s intellectual lives,’ and he worries about the ‘dumbing down of culture and people, and being passively accepted.’ Therefore, his columns can seem pessimistic—but isn’t that just the age? ‘The cultural atmosphere is pretty gloomy, and I know people have always thought this, but when you think Trump in America, the Environment, AI, massive tech companies, Biden losing his marbles, the Housing Crisis—it’s kind of reasonable to be gloomy.’ 

Fitzgerald once wrote that ‘the test of a first-rate intelligence … [is to] be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise.’ I think that Marriott passes this test. He might not match the intensity of Fitzgerald’s clash of embittered cynicism and wilful optimism, but he shows a persistent attention to both sides of an argument: ‘I think that whatever you’re writing, you can accept that for any opinion which can be expressed in the space of a thousand words, there’s an opposite opinion that’s equally true and can also be expressed in a thousand words.’ 

Talking about AI, he shows this: ‘My original take was that I think the crucial thing will be that people do care about the fact that something comes from another human being. We have these strong intuitions about art and literature coming from human beings, and the whole point of art is to connect us with human beings.’ His interview with John Gray—whom Marriott paraphrases as arguing ‘disaster looms, AI’s going to replace everyone’s jobs, we’re all screwed’—led him to a more despairing position. That was eased by a conversation with someone who had read his article who said that ‘there’s this kind of mindless optimism about what the technology’s capable of.’ Now, he thinks that ‘we shouldn’t extrapolate infinite potential from something that can just write plausible sentences.’ 

Despite his concerns ‘about how natural text will be to people’s experience in the future,’ he remains a passionate advocate of literature and the literary. Last year, he found himself in the somewhat absurd position of being criticised by The Bookseller for arguing that some books are better than others. ‘The thing is, I find it really hard to believe that many people do actually believe that all books are the same. I think that’s also just not true either.’ This leads to the “Culture Wars” and the recent tendency to value a literary work according to its political message as opposed to its aesthetic triumphs. But this isn’t new: ‘In the 30s there was an awful lot of incredibly pious and tedious stuff written about, like, the importance of the voices of the workers and the voices of the working class … and it’s really fascinating, as well, if you go back to 19th century Russia, there was so much stuff about, was Turgenev a Liberal, or what exactly was he? Was such-and-such a Socialist? … I guess the kind of unifying theme of those moments is that those are societies which were undergoing dramatic social and political change.’ In any case, the freedom of expression—whatever the climate—is one of his most deeply held values: ‘I think that whether or not you’re on Salman Rushdie’s side is historically a pretty good test of whether you’re a serious person or not.’ 

But the anxiety and self-criticism of a “Culture War” can benefit a society. ‘It is easily forgotten that the intellectual history of the West is much more turbulent than we remember,’ and that the narratives we often study of a ‘West [that] has been unruffled and triumphalist in its progress’ simply isn’t true. He discusses Isaiah Berlin’s “Three Critics of the Enlightenment,” a book which discusses Giambattista Vico, Johann Gottfried Herder, and Johann Georg Hamann, all of whom cast doubt on the Enlightenment’s relentless progressive march. ‘From the very beginning, [they were] furious and righteous critics of all the Enlighten—, of the self-confidence of the Enlightenment, about Western Civilisation, the superiority of Western Civilisation and I think it’s—I mean, Herder, especially, can at times sound like he’s writing now [and] tweeting. [Herder says] how it’s ridiculous to think that Western Civilisation is superior to any other civilisations [since] all civilisations are fitted to this particular people and this particular place.’ Therefore, ‘doubt and self-criticism have always been in our culture.’ And whilst it’s ‘really annoying to live through it when it erupts as viciously as it does now … Perhaps it’s reassuring to think that this may just be a part of our culture in a liberal society. You know, we’re not in a Totalitarian state, we can’t impose one viewpoint on everyone. Everything will be furiously criticised because that’s what happens when you have free speech and liberal values.’ 

There are many on the hard right who view this doubt and self-criticism as a sign of decadence. But people have been saying this for what seems like forever—with both Gibbon in the 18th century, and Spengler in the 20th, trying to link cultural decadence with the ‘decline and fall’ of political or imperial orders. But Marriott takes a much more nuanced view, considering it to be endemic in the cultural lifecycle: ‘I do think that society does go through periods of cultural efflorescences, of brilliant innovation, followed by decadence, followed by renewal, and I think that we are all living in the aftermath of the sixties, which was one of the kind of extraordinary cultural moments in all of history.’ Referencing Ross Douthat’s The Decadent Society—which argues that culture hasn’t developed since the 60s, since ‘you can still go and see the Rolling Stones, follow the same superheroes’—Marriott then ponders whether the “Culture Wars” are simply ‘a part of us throwing off that inheritance and making something new.’

As I shut my laptop and shuffled down to Greggs for lunch, I thought of how I had come away with a renewed sense of Marriott and his ideas. I found he wasn’t as much of a pessimist as he self-deprecatingly claims to be. He’s more of a sceptic, perhaps: what he distrusts, I think, is the notion that any political or cultural viewpoint is wholly correct, and that if there has ever been such a woolly thing called ‘Truth’, it can only be found in the interaction of opposites, in conversation, and—perhaps, most of all—in reading.

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Perspective

END BOSSINESS NOW

By Cosmo Adair

I sleep better when I’ve had something to drink. Apparently, that’s impossible—at least, my brother likes to say so. Everytime I come downstairs on a Saturday morning, having had a few drinks before and after supper, and I say, ‘God, I slept well last night,’ he squints a little before telling me, ‘That’s impossible, scientifically.’ Those five forbidding, unbalanced syllables, with their maliciously rushed ‘ti-fic’ and the slick arrogance of the concluding ‘ly’, exist for the sole purpose of disproving the intimations of my own body. I hate them. 

I’m sure that scientifically, it’s true; I reckon that technically, it might even be correct. No doubt that fictional character, adored by Pollsters and Populists alike, the ‘Man on the Street’ (Who is he? Tell me!) has been rigorously monitored and tested and that was what the results said. So I’m not going to sit here, tapping away, arguing against the scientifically correct. Instead, I want to question how on earth we’ve allowed ourselves to return to some barbarically puritanical mindset in which our own personal experience of what makes us happy, what makes us tick (given that, of course, it’s in moderation: don’t do crack, etc.) means precious little. 

Until recently, the only salvation was that no matter how much said pursuers of the SCIENTIFICALLY-proven might judge your habits, they couldn’t do much about them. But then, last week, the UK’s expiring PM Rishi Sunak announced an imminent ban on smoking for those born after 2009 in what strikes me as a cynical ploy to secure a legacy beyond the immoral expulsion of immigrants to Rwanda. As David Hockney rightly said:  ‘There are too many bossy people in England … Bossy people are humourless. This is just madness to me. Why can’t Mr Sunak leave the smokers alone.’ Sunak (tee-totalist and faster) doesn’t propose to take cigarettes off everyone, only those born after 2009: imagine in 2050, then, the farce in which a forty-two year-old can smoke and a forty-one year-old can’t. It shows the hour hand is moving yet closer to midnight: that midnight being, once again, scientifically proven to occur in Derby in 2050 when the UK’s last cigarette will be smoked, according to a 2019 report. 

Obviously, smoking kills. But, as Hockney writes, ‘The National Health Service will always have to deal with birth and deaths. They are part of life: the cause of death is birth. On the cigarette packet it says “SMOKING KILLS” … well, what do I reply? “LIFE IS A KILLER.” I’m one day nearer oblivion today than I was yesterday. This applies to everybody on the planet.’ As ever, Britain’s preeminent artist (who should live in Britain, but moved to France due to our intrusive smoking laws) is onto something.

As thick and naive as I was when I smoked my first cigarette, I never doubted that it was pernicious. In fact, I reckon that’s why I did it: when you’re young, danger seems sexy and mature, if almost heroic. If smoking is, really, considered ‘cool’ then I think that’s why: because it kills you. Most cool things tend to. (Guns, Flamethrowers, Sports Cars, Alcohol, etc.) But the assumption of Rishi Sunak is that he can tell people how bad smoking is, at which point they will immediately stop and then thank him for this unprecedented enlightenment. In positioning himself against it, I daresay Rishi Sunak has made smoking more cool and more appealing to a lot of people. 

In any discussion of smoking, or of the debates between happiness and longevity, it seems right to recourse to Martin Amis’s novel The Pregnant Widow, in which he writes: ‘He thought, Yeah. Yeah, non-smokers live seven years longer. Which seven will be subtracted by that god called Time? It won’t be that convulsive, heart-busting spell between twenty-eight and thirty-five. No. It’ll be that really cool bit between eighty-six and ninety-three.’ Yes, smoking ends what non-smoking extends. But we must never let ourselves look at human lives as if they are statistics. In this Bureaucracy of Happiness, in which illegality and social pressure take away each slightly individualised form of pleasure, I feel we are all becoming like Auden’s “Unknown Citizen,” of whom the poet asks: 

“Was he free? Was he happy? The question is absurd:

Had anything been wrong, we should certainly have heard.”

In arguments of this kind, I always remember a Times interview with France’s leading cancer specialist, David Khayat, who spoke in opposition to what he perceived to be the tyrannical intrusion of an Anglo-Saxon puritanism (diets, teetotalism, avoidance of red meat) on French customs: he spoke of how “The risk we face is of a life without pleasure, a life without enjoyment … And if you force that upon people, they will explode.” He goes on to say that with an immaculately healthy lifestyle, ‘you will be able to avoid old age, illness and death. But that’s wrong. We are all going to grow old, we are all going to fall ill and we are all going to die.’ Thus, we should aim for balanced lives: never the excess of an addict, nor the zeal of an ascetic. And, with Khayat’s backing, I suppose I’m correct here (scientifically).


So, I implore you to stave off the social condescension, the bossiness, and the arrogance which you might adopt in the face of those who seek a healthy balance in their life which includes a bit of pleasure and happiness as opposed to posting a double ton of miserable and waning years. And if not drinking, not smoking, not eating red meats and fatty foods, makes you happy, so be it: your happiness delights me. I do not mean to criticise or infringe upon your happiness. I merely want to shout, alongside Hockney: ‘END BOSSINESS NOW.’

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Culture

Bad Sex, Worse Writing

By Cosmo Adair

“I am deeply honoured and humbled to receive this prestigious award. Kudos to all my distinguished fellow finalists, you have all provided me with many hours of enjoyable reading over the last year.” James Frey was so thrilled with his prize that you’d imagine it was a Booker, a Nobel, or at least a Costa. But no, he’d just won the Literary Review’s Bad Sex Award, awarded to him for an egregious passage in his novel Katerina which reads: “Blinding breathless shaking overwhelming exploding white God I cum inside her my cock throbbing we’re both moaning eyes hearts souls bodies one”: a ridiculously awful sentence, which makes you question not only the limits of stream-of-consciousness narration, but whether anyone should ever be allowed to write about sex again. 

The Bad Sex Award was bestowed annually by the Literary Review until 2020 when they decided that simply “too many bad things” happened that year to justify exposing its readership to more. It was set up by Rhoda Koenig and Auberon Waugh with the intent of ‘[drawing] attention to the crude, tasteless, often perfunctory use of redundant passages of sexual description in the modern novel, and to discourage it.’ It was, John Maier writes in The Times (“Bonk, bonk! Why it’s time to bring back the Bad Sex Award”), “the one literary prize where you felt the recipient truly deserved to win.” Look at the Roll-Call of its Victors: of the twenty-seven prize winners, only three of them were women. And so, not only did it highlight egregious, unnecessary, or else simply bad writing, but it constitutes a kind of send up of established male authors, letting you see the Narcissists, the Male-Power obsessives, and the Nerds: by that I mean that it gave the impression that most of these writers (including Salman Rushdie, Sebastian Faulks, Tom Wolfe, and John Updike, amongst others) were not only terrible at writing about sex, but that they were terrible at sex. For a few days every year, the public could think to themselves: I might be no Shakespeare, but at least I’m better at Sex. 

Some of the more brilliant entries are: Giles Coren’s Winkler (“… and as she grabbed at his dick, which was leaping around like a shower dropped in an empty bath, she scratched his back deeply with the nails of both hands, he shot three more times, in thick stripes on her chest. Like Zorro.”); Jonathan Safran Foer’s Here I Am (“He jerked off with the determination of someone within sight of Everest’s summit, having lost all his friends and Sherpas, having run out of supplemental oxygen, but preferring death to failure.”); Pat Barker’s The Silence of the Girls (“I slid down the bed and took his cock in my mouth, shlurping away as if I’d just discovered a particularly juicy pear.”); and John Updike, winner of a Lifetime Achievement Award, in The Widows of Eastwick (“Her face gleamed with his jism in the spotty light of the motel room … She laid her head on his pillow and seemed to want to be kissed. Well, why not? It was his jism.”). 

But, as Julian Gough wrote in The Guardian (“I was nominated for the Bad Sex Award. Don’t laugh”), the competition’s light-hearted nature started to disappear with the rise of social media and its mob of illiterati. People who’d never read his nominated book, Connect, trolled him online. He wrote, “It deliberately and successfully encourages the worst, and dumbest, misreading of fiction; the conflation of authors with their characters in order to publicly shame them. This is regressive cyber-Victorianism in progressive drag.” He discusses how the nature and tone of these ridiculed sex scenes can be understood (surprisingly) when placed back into the context of the book. Connect is about socially awkward teenagers and the nominated passage concerns the protagonist’s first sexual experience: “He sucks on the hard nipple. He has never done this before, and yet; no, wait, of course, it’s totally familiar. The first thing he ever did.” That is the only extract of his fiction which most people have read, and it hardly inspires you to read much more of his writing. 

Auberon Waugh’s involvement in creating the Bad Sex Award was surely influenced by what is the most awkward, strained and poorly written passage of his father, Evelyn’s, oeuvre: “It was as though a deed of conveyance of her narrow loins had been drawn and sealed. I was making my first entry as the freeholder of a property I would enjoy and develop at leisure.” (Brideshead Revisited) Evelyn Waugh himself, questioned on that passage, would argue that the English Language had developed at a time when sex was not freely discussed, let alone written about. Thus the words and phrases which the Dictionary offers for its description are, invariably, crude, if comic in a schoolboy way, whilst most attempts to write it through metaphor feel like uneasy euphemisms. In this way, bad sex writing breaks the third wall: the reader becomes aware of the inadequacy of language and of the writer themselves to discuss such a natural occurrence. This is why it becomes so easy to conflate the author with the sex scene: because poor writing is often the result of the writer becoming too conflated with the work. Martin Amis was right to say that “Very few writers have got anywhere with sex … My father used to say that you can refer to it but you can’t describe it. It’s inherent in the subject. It’s not that someone’s going to hit upon the right way; it’s that there’s no right way … The novelist, unlike the poet, has to be a universal figure and our sexual urges are deuniversalising. There is a Bad Sex prize but there’s no prize for Good Sex. That is probably significant.”

And so, whilst it’s hilarious to think of willies flying about like loose shower-heads and blowjobs in culinary terms, most sex writing vindicates Evelyn Waugh and Martin Amis’ arguments. Most sexual descriptions — be they deliberately comic or highly serious — are funny. Few writers do sex well, since it’s a unique, subjective experience and good writing requires an impersonality that’s hard to achieve when discussing sex. Still, most writers persist: and I respect their noble effort which might, one day, land them unwanted laurels. But, for now, I implore the Editor of the Literary Review to revive the Bad Sex Award, so that whoever writes sex badly does so at their own peril.

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Perspective

A Sit Down with Jonathan Ruffer

By Cosmo Adair & Maggie Baring.

Bishop Auckland, November 29th — grey with a smattering of drizzle. Standing in the town square, it’s obvious that this isn’t a typical, left-regional town. In the windows of an old, listed, one-time bank, characters from paintings jest with one another, speech bubbles spilling from their mouths onto a dark, tenebrous background. That’s The Spanish Gallery, home to pictures by Murillo, Velazquez and El Greco. Then, ahead, there’s a strange, church-like building — modern, in the openness of its glass and steel, but hinting at times past in its striving Gothic upwardness. That’s Auckland Tower

What’s this all doing here? It’s here because Bishop Auckland is home to The Auckland Project: an ambitious regeneration project, instigated by philanthropist Jonathan Ruffer. Passing the tower, we can see him standing on the doorstep of Auckland Castle’s Gatehouse, which he has made his home, waiting for us. He wears an old v-neck jersey over a checked shirt. He greets us with an instinctive, avuncular kindness which is almost disarming. Ruffer behaves as I had once expected University professors might — prone to mental flight, all the while retaining a formidable intellectual sharpness. He seems to belong to an England of yore, one of ‘the old maids biking to Holy Communion through the mists of the autumn morning’ which Orwell so vividly described. But he is simultaneously a very modern man: his wealth comes from finance, with his firm Ruffer Investment Company listed on the FTSE 250, and The Auckland Project is not quite as quixotic as the tendency to focus on its promotion of Spanish Art would suggest. He is not some Aristocrat of yore spilling cash in the belief that what the North really needs is an exposure to Spanish Art: no, he is motivated by his belief that County Durham needs considerable investment and education in order to kickstart the local economy, create employment opportunities, and in doing so remind the region of its local identity and hopefully encourage its citizens to take more pride in that. 

Ruffer was born in the Northeast of England in 1951. His father was a sea-going Royal Marine during World War II, and he met Ruffer’s mother whilst his ship was being repaired in Newcastle. They settled down just south of Middlesbrough. Ruffer would later attend Cambridge University, where he studied English Literature, despite the fact that ‘[he] didn’t ever discover where the English department was’: something I questioned, at first, given his impressive erudition. He ended up in the City where, he claims, his degree came in handy, given that ‘English is an everyman subject, and losing money in investments is an everyman subject as well.’ To call him ‘successful’ would be an understatement; he went on to become one of the country’s wealthiest men. But inspired by a ‘coup de foudre’ — related, no doubt, to his Christian faith — he decided that ‘What [he] wanted to do was to change the emphasis of [his] life, and the form that took was to be involved in regeneration somewhere in the Northeast.’ Thus followed The Auckland Project

Bishop Auckland was not always the inevitable location, but County Durham certainly was. Because, he remarks, whereas Northumberland and Yorkshire still possess a distinct local character, ‘County Durham has lost the sense of who it is.’ And so when the Church of England decided to sell off Auckland Castle and its famous Zurbaran pictures, he went one better: he bought the castle as well. Here was a town in County Durham, rich in history and in possession of some important but little-known Spanish Golden Age pictures — and Ruffer had for a long while been a devoted admirer of both Baroque Art and Spain. It has also ‘turned out to be, strategically, a really astute place.’ It might only have a population of 25,000, ‘but the catchment area is 125,000 and if you look at its sphere of influence, it’s about 350,000 which is bigger than Cardiff. So, in other words, if Bishop Auckland improves, then actually more than half of County Durham improves.’ 

His Christianity and his interest in Art are both important in the direction which The Auckland Project has taken. Much has been said before of the relationship between Religion and Art, but we were both quite spellbound by the acuity of how he described his understanding of it. 

He refers to himself as “Goddy” — a rather charming, if English, manner of lightly and inoffensively describing such a life-defining belief. “I do think … that for  all of us as human beings, there are things that define the nature of who we are. And one of them is power, one of them is sex, one of them is money, and one of them is faith. Now … if you look at Victorian times, what you’ll find is that nobody ever talked about sex, but if they put up a new building, the foundation stones would start with the words, ‘to the Glory of God.’ Now, today, it’s the exact inverse of that … and everybody is very happy to talk about sex. But, in fact, these are fundamental things that drive us, and it is simply that at the moment, that element is in the shadows, but it doesn’t go away.’ 

If Faith, then, is so important, what is its object? ‘It’s to encounter something bigger than yourself. And clearly, the Christian God is like looking at a burning sun without any shade. It’s agonisingly painful to do, because it’s just such a powerful and intense and concentrated thing.’ How, then, do we approach the unapproachable? For Ruffer, we approach it through art, which for him is ‘not the light of the sun, but the light of the moon. The moon isn’t overpowering; moonlight is caressing. It woos you and settles you. But what we know from physics is that moonlight is actually the same as sunlight; they both come from the same place. So I don’t feel, at all, that when I’m talking about art or when I’m talking about the Christian God, that I’m really talking about different things at all.” 

There’s one acquisition which he’s especially focussed on: that’s St. Paul’s Burning of the Hebrew Books, a tapestry by Pieter Coecke van Aelst. It ought to be in the UK because of how well it conforms to the Waverley Criteria, the process by which an object might be deemed a ‘national treasure.’ These are: Is it closely connected with our history and national life? Is it of outstanding aesthetic importance? Is it of outstanding significance for the study of some particular branch of art, learning or history? To Ruffer, the tapestry ticks all three boxes. In fact, he believes that only the coronation spoon is of equivalent importance. 

It was made for Henry VIII during the Reformation. It depicts St. Paul to symbolically represent a break from Rome, where St. Peter and the Petrine liturgy were dominant. But, historically, the liturgy in England had been Pauline, and so Henry’s ‘effectively saying the Pope is the head of the One Church, but I’m the head of the other church. And so the rest of the depiction which is the burning of the heathen books is a quotation of what St. Paul did in Ephesus in Acts. And what Henry was doing was saying, ‘I’ve done that, I’ve burned all the Tyndale bibles, killed a few of them too.’ Here, again, Ruffer excels: he explains church history and a complicated artistic work in a way that’s both rigorous and accessible. 

The problem is, however, that this tapestry is in Spain. It had been missing since 1770 when it disappeared from Hampton Court Palace until it turned up with a dealer who ‘worked out that this was the thing which had gone missing in 1770, whereupon the Spanish Minister of Culture slapped on an export ban. And so that’s what [he’s] fighting.’ So far, his campaign’s going well. ‘We’ve got both archbishops, the top four bishops: Canterbury, York, London and Durham. And we’ve got Prime Ministers behind us, and we’ve got Wayzgoose behind us,’ he jokes. 

Naively, we ask whether he has any Spanish connections who could help him out. ‘Yes, yes, I mean I’m a trustee of the Prado. And I must say one of the things I’m quite allergic to is titles, you know, people who go around … saying ‘I’ve got an OBE.’ But … one of the things which did randomly come my way is I’m a Spanish Knight, I’m an Encomienda of the Order of Isabel the Catholic, Isabella la Cattolic, who is Catherine of Aragon’s mum, so I play that one for all it’s worth. But I’m about as Spanish as an English mousetrap.’ Given his connections, and given what he has managed to acquire so far, I have a feeling that the Encomienda Ruffer will acquire the tapestry eventually. And much like the Greeks awaiting the return of the Elgin Marbles, he has set up The Faith Museum, which awaits the return of the tapestry. ‘Its temperature and humidity are controlled, which costs some millions to do, with nothing in it … we’ve got what those historical old palaces and the V&A haven’t got, [which is] somewhere suitable to put it. 

Our discussion drew to an end. Initially, we had been booked in for a half-an-hour chat but he kept us for an hour and fifteen minutes in a thrilling, wide-ranging discussion. Coming away, one thing struck both of us about him: it was the sheer thrill and interest he took in other people. Throughout our session, he asked about us, about the magazine, about university, and about where we both grew up. This was not some elaborate diversion tactic, but a reflection of his natural curiosity. He treated us with a seriousness that made it feel — at least for us — as if he did not differentiate between The Times, The Telegraph, and Wayzgoose Magazine. He is so passionate about his project that he would take hours to proselytise anyone — from the Prime Minister to a Student Journalist — about the importance of what The Auckland Project is getting up to. 

But this welcoming curiosity of his extends beyond mere journos. Later, chatting to one of the gallery attendants about Jonathan, we said how impressed we’d been by this aspect of him. To which, she simply replied: ‘That’s Jonathan for you.’ Which, I think, it really is. 

Categories
Culture

The Last Words of F. Scott Fitzgerald

By Cosmo Adair.

“All romantics meet the same fate

Some day, cynical and drunk and boring

Someone in some dark cafe.”

Joni Mitchell, “The Last Time I Saw Richard”

Hollywood Boulevard, 1940. Two lovers, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Sheilah Graham, are strolling along as the blue sky fades to pearly darkness. He recites a poem. They notice an advertisement outside of a record store which reads: “Make your own records — Hear yourself speak.” They enter, and he begins to speak into the microphone, reciting John Masefield’s “On Growing Old”, before reaching its final couplet: 

“Only stay quiet while my mind remembers

The beauty of fire from the beauty of embers.”

That second “beauty” gets caught in his throat. He reads on, now his favourite poem, the one whose words have found their modern reimaginings in so many of his works, John Keats’ “Ode to a Nightingale”. He dwells, quite lovingly, on each delicate syllable, before tailing off at the close of the third stanza, where he misquotes and says: “And new love cannot live beyond tomorrow … Or beauty cannot live.”

Herein lies both the biographer and the critic’s dream — a moment of recognition, as a percussive sadness sets in, one which turns back with vague glimpses of the past, and looks forwards, ‘beyond tomorrow,’ and sees the exit-lights dully flashing. As Jonathan Bate questions in Bright Star, Green Light was Fitzgerald, here, moved by a sense that Keats was not only writing of his own fears of mortality, but with an “uncanny anticipation” of Fitzgerald’s own fears that his twilight relationship with Sheilah Graham would soon end, and that the beauty he had sought in his novels would not survive? After so many miserable years of alcoholism and depression, of “the process of breaking down” as he calls it in The Crack-Up, had he now found an aesthetic close, an ending befitting his characters — those great Romantic heroes, all of whom are cut-down or beaten or embittered by the realities of an unforgiving world, but who receive some restitution of dignity in the recognition of the beauty of their dream. 

Throughout his life, Fitzgerald suffered from prolonged bouts of depression and from an indefatigable alcoholism. An early literary career, imbibed with phenomenal talent, which had promised so much — with This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, and The Great Gatsby, all published within five years of each other — tailed off into alcoholic black-out, with only one more novel, Tender is the Night, published in the next fifteen years. There is, throughout his life and works, a sense that the impossibility of squaring his romantic pursuits and ideals — of beauty, of love, of Art — with the real world condemned him to sadness and a presiding sense of failure. 

In The Crack-Up, a candid sequence of three essays dealing with his depression, he writes that “The test of a first-rate intelligence is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and yet still retain the ability to function. One should, for example, be able to see that things are hopeless and yet be determined to make them otherwise.” This seems a fitting guide to both his life and to his characters: that despite the hopelessness and futility of life, you need to keep the dream alive — of Daisy, in Gatsby’s case, or else of Beauty in Fitzgerald’s — so that life might remain bearable. 

That’s at the heart of The Great Gatsby’s famous conclusion: “Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgiastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter — tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms further … And one fine morning — So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past.” Had Gatsby not been killed, he would have navigated a disillusioned 1930s in much the same way as Fitzgerald did: as soon as the ideal of Daisy has been shattered that elusive green light loses its meaning. Gatsby, like Fitzgerald, would have adhered to Joni Mitchell’s words in the above quote: “All romantics … [become] cynical and drunk and boring.” The child whose sandcastle has collapsed becomes an advocate for the futility of sandcastles. So it is with our dreams and ideals — but ours tend to be smaller than Gatsby’s, smaller than Fitzgerald’s, and we must ‘run faster, stretch out our arms further’, even if all we meet is failure and futility. 

For Fitzgerald, the dream’s death was like the death of the sun; after it, he could only declare, “I must continue to be a writer because that was my only way of life, but I would cease any attempt to be a person — to be kind, just, or generous.” But in that recording of 1940, as he stutters over ‘Beauty’ and misquotes Keats’ “Nightingale”, there is a sense that — somewhere, between the mists of depression and booze, under the influence of a beautiful but fleeting love with Sheilah Graham — he recalls that dream which once so enthused and justified him and his life’s work, and that there is a sadness, an inenarrable sadness, in the recognition that he so easily relinquished his dreams and that so much beauty was wasted. And so, that year, as the bombs began to fall in London and Europe shrunk to the size of a map, Fitzgerald drank himself to death at the age of only forty-four, taking him with him a little bit of the Beauty and the Romance so needed in a world which, day-by-day, was self-flagellating into ugly and brutal deformity. 

Categories
Culture

The Memories of C.P. Cavafy

By Cosmo Adair.

There is a building somewhere in Alexandria. Once, in 1919, an ageing, if elderly man — the poet, C.P. Cavafy — stood in one of its rooms. Beneath the signature circular-framed, tortoise-shell glasses, his eyes saw not what was there but what had once been there. “This room, how well I know it,” he thinks to himself. It may be an office, now, on the occasion of his visit, but it remains familiar. “Here, near the door, was the couch … On the right — no, opposite — a wardrobe with a mirror. / In the middle the table where he wrote.” The reader follows Cavafy’s wandering mind as it reconstructs the room according to a preliminary mental sketch made so many years ago, as if, even then, he expected to one day return. 

He writes on; the pared directness of his lyricism reads almost like disinterest. “Beside the window was the bed / where we made love so many times.” Here is the room’s relevance: in his youth, one of his lovers lived here. But the poem’s reserved tone, quickly, begins to hurt:

“Beside the window was the bed; 

the afternoon sun fell across half of it.

… One afternoon at four ‘o’ clock we separated

for a week only … And then —

that week became forever.”

There is so much contained in that one brief detail of the afternoon sun — the open blinds and the long summer; the laziness of love, tumbling about in bed through the afternoon; and, poignantly, a sense that love, like the afternoon itself, will dissipate and fade into night. The ellipsis shows a little shudder pass through him as “that week became forever.” Here, then, despite the sparsity and the directness of the poem, is not only the history of an affair, but of a person: bundled into it, you see between the lines, beneath the words, the shrill and deafening conditionals of life. 

“The Afternoon Sun” makes for a nice introduction to a certain area of Cavafy’s poetic imagination – that which is written by a man whom André Aciman called “someone who was … already awaiting nostalgia and therefore fending it off by rehearsing it all the time.” A poet whose canon includes such poems as “Days of 1896”, “Days of 1901”, “Days of 1903”, “Days of 1908”, and “Days of 1909, ‘and 10, and ‘11”, could not be anything but nostalgic. But his nostalgia is unusual. He seems to embody a mood of almost ‘present nostalgia’; it is as if, in the very moment of experience, he imagines the nostalgia with which he will look back on it. He sees the beauty of the moment and he knows that this beauty must die. Thus, in the moment, he detaches himself in observation and remembers what is around him and how he is feeling. He saves up memories in a sort of mental pension-fund. By detaching himself from the present, he both glorifies and extends it. 

“Their Beginning” discusses this process. At first, you expect the ‘beginning’ in question to be that of a relationship. But instead, it’s the ‘beginning’ of the idea of the poem itself. He opens by stating that “Their illicit pleasure has been fulfilled.” The lovers leave the house “separately, furtively” and the poet wonders if their shiftiness will betray them to onlookers. He then writes of how one day he will look back on this moment as the beginning of both a memory and a poem:

“But what profit for the life of the artist:

tomorrow, the day after, or years later, he’ll give voice

to the strong lines that had their beginning there.”

The moment itself was brief. Their sex appears to have been sordid and rushed. The ‘beginning’ is, instead, of a memory and a poem which he can keep. It is as if he wanders the streets of Alexandria like a butterfly-catcher, his net ever ready to capture a moment or an experience which he might gift to his memory. So, even though beauty dies and passion fades and each of these passings might contain a sort of grief, he realises that we should still treasure them. Most thoughts, feelings, and experiences enrich us and have taught us something. Therefore, they deserve to be remembered. 

The idea that you should not only treasure the passing moment or feeling, but that you should respect it and say a courageous “Goodbye” to it as it passes, is the central notion of his finest poem, “The God abandons Antony.” It concerns loss in a broad sense. In Plutarch’s Lives, he describes how the patron god of Mark Antony, Bacchus, abandons Antony to the sound of flutes. It signals the end of Antony’s Alexandrian revels and the reversal of his fortunes. Soon, Caesar will defeat him. Cavafy’s poem addresses an imagined Antony, advising him to stand, courageously, at the window and to drink in the sound of the ‘exquisite music’ of his past joys departing. He should accept the reality of their departure with a Cavafian resignation, since it is futile to mourn that which cannot be prevented. Cavafy writes, 

“As one long prepared, and graced with courage,

as is right for you who proved worthy of this kind of city,

go firmly to the window

and listen with deep emotion, but not

with the whining, the pleas of the coward; 

to the exquisite music of that strange procession,

and say goodbye to her, to the Alexandria you are losing.”

To me, at least, these are words it seems careless to paraphrase. There is little, I think, I can say or explain which the poet has not done better. But there is something quite startling in the dignified way in which he urges Antony to accept and enjoy the passing of his delights. 

In these few poems, it seems to me that a strategy for life seems to tease itself out; one so removed from the YOLO-kind-of-Paterian approach of “experience without examination.” Instead, there can be something beautiful and rewarding in detaching oneself, ever so slightly, and thinking how will I remember this? What will this mean to me? How will I write this? Then each passion, once cold, and each room, no longer visited, will outlast its given hour — and, in the case of Cavafy, will no doubt last an eternity. 

Categories
Culture

Martin Amis: An Obituary

By Cosmo Adair.

Martin Amis (1949 – 2023) was an English novelist

I once went to a van Gogh show at the Tate with a girl. I had an adamantine crush on her and I’d tried every possible mode of flirtation. But she wasn’t interested; in fact, she couldn’t have been further from being interested. But we went to the Tate. This is an odd place to start a piece on Martin Amis, I know. But please – bear with me … 

By the time we were in the third room of the exhibition, and the sombre Prisoner’s Round (after Gustav Doré) was whitewashed by industrial lighting, I began to stammer out a few words. “Th-the impasto, you know — so marvellously done, and after Doré as well … Really, incredible. It reminds me, you know, of something Di–Dickens once wrote. ‘A prison taint was on everything there. The imprisoned air, the imprisoned light, the imprisoned …’ Oh fuck. Sorry. Forgotten it.” I couldn’t work out whether she was bored or whether she had seen through my act. Possibly both. “God, Cosmo,” she said. “You really like van Gogh, don’t you?” And she rolled her eyes. Her lack of interest was palpable. I shut up. After the exhibition, I feigned a commitment in East London so I could go to a different tube station. I had to end this torture quickly. There was only one thing in my head. “FUCKING MARTIN AMIS.”

I read The Rachel Papers when I was a sixteen year-old who had recently started reading ‘proper’ books. I was in the Holiday Inn Express, a few miles from London Gatwick, and stayed up until four in the morning reading in the hotel bathroom. This was the shit. The prose was electric. But not only was this a manual for writing; it was (I thought, naively) a manual for life. The above idea was taken from the novel — although the novel’s hero, Charles Highway, delivered his lines at the Tate’s William Blake show much better than I did. Like Charles, I had visited the exhibition the day before, had written notes and devised a sequence of intelligent witticisms which I could spring on the girl, as if spontaneously. Life can sometimes resemble fiction — but my own attempt couldn’t have been further from the book. 

Charles Highway (‘It’s such a rangy, well-travelled, big cocked name and, to look at, I am none of these. I wear glasses for a start, have done since I was nine’) was like me … except, of course, the regular sex and his superlative retention of poetry. And at that time, those were the only things I wanted in life — regular sex and a superlative retention of poetry. In fact, back then, both of those things were interchangeable — and if The Rachel Papers had taught me anything, it was that one quite easily follows the other. 

So, I would walk around my bedroom in recitation (‘My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness banes, no – FUCK – pains my senses.’), thinking I was Charles Highway or even Martin Amis, and would survey my future. I supposed that, like Charles and Martin, 1) I would be some Casanova of the literati, and 2) that I was a genius. I wanted to be Martin Amis (hair-cut, dress-sense, prose style, etc). Most blokes I knew looked up to, I don’t know — Harry Kane, Alex Turner, Richard Branson? But I looked up to Martin Amis and that — if I wasn’t already arrogant enough — made me even more convinced of the two aforementioned suppositions. I even copied Charles Highway’s technique of arranging the books on his bedside table and floor before a visitor comes. (‘The coffee-table featured a couple of Shakespeare texts and a copy of Time Out — an intriguing dichotomy, perhaps, but I was afraid that, no, it wouldn’t quite do … After a quarter of an hour I decided on Jane Austen, the mellow Persuasion, face down, open towards the end, by my pillow.’) I was relentless in my desire to be Martin Amis — and I took Charles Highway to be a teenaged Martin Amis verbatim. 

I revisited The Rachel Papers a few years later, when I was a little more mature. I was now aware, of course, that The Rachel Papers is very much a send up of the kind of guy I was so desperately trying to be. There was one sentence which really stuck out on this rereading: ‘Don’t I ever do anything else but take soulful walks down the Bayswater Road, I thought, as I walked soulfully down the Bayswater Road.’ It’s such an apt description of any young person’s romantic characterisation of themselves as a writer. 

Since then I’ve read more of Martin Amis’ novels. His unique cocktail of the lowest of low culture with the highest of literary styles is astounding. His entourages of characters are amongst some of the finest in post-war English fiction: the likes of Keith Talent, the murderer of London Fields, of whom Amis writes:

‘Keith didn’t look like a murderer. He looked like a murderer’s dog. (No disrespect to Keith’s dog Clive, who had signed on well before the fact, and whom Keith didn’t in the least resemble anyways.’)

And John Self, who is ‘addicted to the 20th century’:

‘My clothes are made of monosodium glutamate and hexachlorophene. My food is made of polyester, rayon and lurex. My rug lotions contain vitamins. Do my vitamins feature cleaning agents? I hope so. My brain is gimmicked by a microprocessor the size of a quark, and costing ten pee and running the whole deal. I am made of — junk, I’m just junk.’

And Richard Tull, the failing literary novelist, so envious of his friend’s success:

‘These days he smoked and drank largely to solace himself for what drinking and smoking had done to him, so he drank and smoked a lot.’

There are moments when you’re reading Amis novels which rank among the most sensual literary works in the English language. But his ingrained cynicism sometimes makes for a soiling experience: it’s that Dominoes feeling of utter delectation followed by grave sunkenness. He was the greatest prose stylist England produced in the last century. And his influence is everywhere — from Zadie Smith and Will Self, to some of the lamentable crap I churned out and called fiction in the first lockdown. His vocabulary, his eye for the zeitgeist, and his arrogance are unsurpassed by any of his contemporaries. And it seems a terrible shame that such a deserving novelist never won so much as a Booker or a Nobel Prize before he died — only the Somerset Maugham award in 1973 (his father, the novelist Kingsley Amis, had won this award some twenty years prior, making them the only father-son combo to ever win the award). 

I could say much more. But writing — now, more than ever — in the shadow of Amis, it seems a crime to even write a sentence. To read him is to become aware of the crass and error-ridden sentences which we all churn out on a daily basis. My only advice is that you read him. It seems apt to finish with this: 

‘Writers don’t realise how good they are because they are dead when the action begins: with the obituaries. And then the truth is revealed 50 years later by how many of your books are read. You feel the honour of being judged by something that is never wrong: Time.’

And so long as we’re not a semi-literate society, which only thinks and writes in dictation to ChatGPT, then I hope there will still be people reading Martin Amis, encountering the same levels of joy, awe, and (at times) sunkenness as his novels have made me feel.

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Reviews

Babylon Berlin: Weimar Germany as You’ve Never Before Seen it

By Cosmo Adair.

Hitherto, the television has had little to say about Weimar Germany. Given the period’s well-recognised influence on film (The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari, Metropolis, etc.), this is somewhat surprising. Especially since it’s such a beguiling period, abounding in themes and tensions of significant artistic promise: be that the sheer decadence of the nightlife, the Cabarets and the Avant Garde; or else the pervasive angst, shellshocks, and nostalgia all evoked by the pernicious ghosts of the Second Reich and the Great War, and then the umbrella under which each of these exists in the historical imagination — what we now perceive to be the Nazi Party’s inevitable rise to power. To exist in that period was to follow a frantic compass with a myriad of poles — the Social Democrats, the Communists, the Freikorps, the Stab-in-the-Back, the Nazis, the Imperial Nostalgics, straight Conservatism, and apathetic decadence. Each of these, it seemed at the time, had a claim on the narrative — but only one of them prevailed. 

But now, courtesy of Sky Deutschland, it’s finally on our screens in all its excess, dirt, and beauty, its violence, anxiety and utter joie de vivre. Let me present to you, Babylon Berlin, the highest budget show in the history of German Television and at the time of its first release in 2017, the highest outside of the English speaking world. It should have been financial suicide; it came before the subtitle-craze, which can — I propose— be traced back to Alfonso Cuaron’s 2018 Roma, and its list of Oscar nominations. It not only led the subtitle-craze, but also became the cornerstone of a surge in the English-speaking world’s interest in German film and television: which has climaxed now with All Quiet on the Western Front, which has swept through this awards season like the blitzkrieg. 

The protagonist of Tom Tykwer’s glitzy adaptation of Volker Kutscher’s detective novels is Gereon Rath (played by Volker Bruch). Part of his success as a character is that he’s a bit of an Everyman figure — not in himself, overly interesting. Gereon is probably upper-Middle-Class; he’s a detective, but his father’s a politician. His politics seem to lie somewhere in between the Social Democrat and the Conservative. Crucially, he is shell-shocked, which means that from the very beginning of the series, the social effects of the Great War loom over. 

In Gyorgy Lukacs’ theoretical work The Historical Novel, he insists that it’s ‘everyman’ roles like this which ensure an effective historical reconstruction: such characters, who interact with everyone aren’t overly intrusive, are capable of “presenting the totality of certain transitional stages of history.” Such characters become centres around which things happen, without forcing their own interpretations onto the reader or, in this case, the audience. This is certainly true of Gereon, and it’s why the plot is so successful. 

His female co-star, Charlotte Ritter (played by Liv Lisa Fries) is a much more beguiling character: a prostitute and police-copyist, turned detective, who adores Berlin’s infamous nightlife as well as solving crimes. Fries performs with gusto — and, I dare say, is the series’ most talented actor. She has a wonderful, affectedly naive pout and innocently flirtatious manner, which not infrequently helps her gain inside knowledge and get out of trouble. That Charlotte could have been a prostitute and become a police detective seems to show how, in Weimar Berlin, such things were perfectly normal and had very little stigma attached. 

Herein lies Babylon Berlin’s effectiveness. It never feels as if it has a political point to score or a moral judgement to make on the past. There’s no tedious alignment of contemporary Populism to the Nazis, and none of the characters are so prescient as to foresee the mortal danger that the rise of the Nazis poses until it’s too late. In the first season, Hitler is mentioned only twice; the perceived danger is the Communists, something which blindsides many in the Establishment from the threat of the Nazis. But the Nazi presence rises and with such subtlety that we hardly notice it. By Season 4, set in 1930, they’re noisy and unavoidable; even when they’re off-screen, their presence is unavoidable. This is how it probably felt at the time. Equally, the series shows how decent people can be swept up by the Nazi influence: be that in the form of Fred Jacoby, the homosexual Journalist, or Gereon’s nephew, Moritz. Fred needs work, having been laid off after the Wall Street Crash, and the Nazi paper is the only one doing well at the time. Of course, we all say that we prioritise our values over everything else; but when the reality of money and living come into play, how many of us would, really, stay true to them? And then, in the case of Moritz, we see how to a young boy, whose father had died in the Great War, the camaraderie and excitement of the Hitler Youth’s Dangerous Book for Boys style of indoctrination appeared to be much more exciting than anything else on offer. 

It’s an excellent show. It’s informative in a way that so many historical dramas aren’t. It reconstructs an entire society—and the audience, somewhat voyeuristically, can watch this world unfold whilst fully aware of what happened. Which is perhaps what gives it its unique atmosphere. And, to the lazy TV-viewer (hands in pants, scrolling on their phone, eating crisps etc. — which can sometimes be, I hate to confess it, me), watching something in Subtitles means you can’t afford to lose concentration. 

Categories
Culture

Hanif Kureishi: Tweeting against Time

By Cosmo Adair.

Spare a thought for Carlo Kureishi. After his father Hanif Kureishi’s collapse in Rome on Boxing Day, Carlo has transcribed his father’s thoughts, daily, and published them on Twitter. To write on behalf of an incapacitated father was enough to drive John Milton’s daughters furious—but even they didn’t have to transcribe a fragmented memoir, a meditations-type-thing, with stories involving cunnilingus, sex and drugs. And I know that if I had to hear my father’s lyrical reminiscences about someone he’d shagged, then I’d have slipped something into his food a long, long time ago. So we must thank Carlo Kureishi each day, what he transcribes might feel uncomfortable, but I believe that these reflections are also going to become a definitive work of contemporary literature; and one of the reasons for that is that it’s being dictated by Hanif Kureishi with the knowledge that it could well be the last thing he ever writes. 

On the 6th of January, 2023, Kureishi tweeted, “Dear followers, I should like you to know that on Boxing Day, in Rome, after taking a comfortable walk to the Piazza del Popolo, followed by a stroll through the Villa Borghese, and then back to the apartment, I had a fall.” 

From this moment onwards, his Twitter threads began to weave themselves into literary history. His description, in this first thread, of the moment he regained consciousness is horrifying: “I then experienced what can only be described as a scooped, semi-circular object with talons attached scuttling towards me. Using what was left of my reason, I saw this was my hand, an uncanny object over which I had no agency.” His delayed recognition of his hand expertly conveys his alienation and dissociation from his own body. 

Since then, he has drifted through time, down a now-characteristic stream of free-associations—one marked by a quick authenticity, and by the illusion of spontaneity (each entry is carefully planned, Carlo has said)—and discusses themes as varied as the consistency of Uniqlo trousers, Manchester United, Italian eyebrows, TV soaps, photographs of authors, fountain pens, and the sartorial style of Graham Greene. One entry is even entitled ON CUNNILINGUS, ENVY, AND OTHER MATTERS, and opens, “It doesn’t follow that just because one is severely injured, one doesn’t think about sex. Indeed, one might think about sex more.” From which I deduce that paralysis has not diminished Kureishi’s libido. 

His threads abound with pithy observations: on Hollywood screenwriters, “some are employed just to write the endings of the movies. Others are better at the beginning.. I wonder who writes the middle”; on Italy, “Italy is one of the great gay civilisations of Europe. The Vatican is gay as is the fashion industry. The entire aesthetic of the renaissance is based on polyamorous sexuality.” And then there are the stories: how he learned to type, “I started to blindfold myself with my school tie and soon found I could write the right words in the right order without even looking”; or on the hospital, “In the gym today a man tried to sell me a horse. He showed me a picture of the horse. I can confirm the horse is very pretty. I had to explain to him that my garden in London is not big enough for a horse.”

Kureishi, with only a handful of words, has constructed a voice which is impersonal enough as to be universal, and personal enough to feel real and de profundis. His self-reflections and analyses are the more profound for it. Each time the voice speaks up from its hospital ward in Rome, one can see how Kureishi has shored these fragments up against his ruin: not only that, but through these tweets he is asserting his identity, his presence, how he is still a writer and is hanging on to life as well as he possibly can.  Equally, it is hard not to dwell on what this could mean for the future of Literature. After years of bland, mundane, and downright poorly written, short stories and poems being splattered over Social Media with a tedious importunity, finally there appears to be something noticeably literary appearing on Twitter. More than that, something literary written by one of the previous generation’s greatest talents. And so, whilst Twitter has been the home of political commentary for sometime now, could it possibly be becoming a new home of Literature? After years of bold and prophetic pronouncements that Social Media is bringing about a new age of Literature, finally we have some proof.